Organizational Development Term Paper Essay

2.1 MEANING OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (HRD) (Rao 1990) Human asset improvement is the way toward helping individuals to secure mastery. In a hierarchical setting, it is the procedure by which associations help their workers in a ceaseless and arranged manner so as to: †¢ gain or hone the capacities required to perform different capacities related with their present or anticipated future jobs; †¢ build up their general abilities as people, find and use their internal potential for their own or potentially authoritative improvement purposes; †¢ build up a hierarchical culture in which administrator subordinate connections, cooperation and joint effort among sub-units are solid and add to the expert prosperity, inspiration, and pride of representatives. The Human asset advancement process is encouraged by components (instruments or sub frameworks, for example, execution evaluation, preparing, authoritative turn of events (OD) criticism and directing, vocation improvement, likely turn of events, work revolution and prizes. Representatives are helped continually so as to make them to get new aptitudes. This guide is offered through a procedure of arranging, execution, criticism and preparing. It likewise incorporates, appraisal of the formative needs, intermittent surveys of execution, and the production of improvement openings through preparing, work revolution, obl igation definition and comparative different systems. THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (HRD) Human asset advancement is a people-situated idea that centers around building up the abilities, information and skills of individuals. Human asset advancement can be applied both at the hierarchical level just as the national level. Different creators have not yet been completely effective in imagining the entire idea of human asset advancement. They have characterized the term from their point of view because of the way that it is an ongoing idea and in this manner is still in the conceptualizing stage. Long lasting learning has become a significant theme under the globalization point of view, the entire world forms into a â€Å"learning society† (Gass,â 1996). Work associations are turning out to be significant accomplices in this learning society, as they give an ever increasing number of chances to ceaseless figuring out how to their representatives with the target to streamline authoritative learning in general (Karen et al., 2001). Notwithstanding the developing number of distributions on Human Resource Developments (HRDs) job in hierarchical learning numerous vulnerabilities remain. Notwithstanding, many intriguing activities are being attempted by HRD experts in encouraging representative learning and expert turn of events (Tjepkema, 2000). Numerous associations have renamed their preparation offices to human asset advancement divisions. Shockingly a few associations renamed their staff divisions to human asset advancement offices. Some instructive establishments began granting degrees and confirmations in human asset advancement, with the reality remaining that the idea isn't yet perfectly clear. It is an idea not all that old that adequate human info could have been conceivable. The idea of human asset advancement was presented by Nadler (1984) in a gathering composed by the American culture for preparing and improvement. Nadler (1984) characterizes human asset improvement as â€Å"Those learning encounters, which are composed for a particular time and intended to achieve the chance of conduct and attitudinal change. 23 General Assembly goals 44/213 of UN in 1989 states: Quote†¦ â€Å"HRD is an expansive concept†requiring incorporated and thought systems, arrangements plans and projects to guarantee the improvement of the maximum capacity of human beingsâ€so that they may, separately and all in all, be equipped for improving their standard of living†.â€â€unquote. Alvin Toffler, the creator of â€Å"future shock† and â€Å"The Third Wave† expounded on the significance of learning in the 21st Century and how the utilization of learning abilities will mean proficiency. The definition he utilized has more significance than any time in recent memory in current occasions and can fill in as a check for us as people and as associations both in estimating our own ideas in regards to HRD aptitudes and in arranging learning encounters with others. The term learning experience alludes to deliberate or purposeful learning not coincidental learning asâ cited by John (2005). Hierarchical view point is that human asset advancement is a procedure wherein the representatives of an association are persuaded to obtain and create specialized, administrative and conduct information aptitudes and capacities (John 2005). Their qualities convictions and mentalities are reshaped so as to perform present and future jobs by discharging the most elevated human potential with the end goal of contributing emphatically to individual’s social objectives just as the hierarchical objectives. A similar examination of these definitions appears to be intricate and complete as it manages the formative parts of the considerable number of segments of HR. Moreover, it manages all ranges of abilities, the present and future authoritative needs and parts of commitments at hierarchical level. The examination of the definitions further shows that there are three viewpoints in human asset improvement: †¢ Organizational workers are helped and persuaded †¢ Various parts of HR are procured, created and formed †¢ Contribute to the authoritative, gathering, individual and social objectives. At first the aiding and rousing components of human asset improvement, as authoritative structure and atmosphere, human asset advancement atmosphere, human asset advancement information and abilities of administrators and asset arranging enrollment and choice might be called empowering factors. The subsequent angle manages procedures or strategies, which intend to procure, create and shape up the different HR. These procedures incorporate; execution examination, possible evaluation, profession arranging, and advancement, preparing, the executives improvement, social and social projects, laborers investment in the board and quality circles. The third class incorporates the results commitment of the human asset improvement procedure to the objectives of the association, gathering, people and society. 2.3 ELEMENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT: Coming up next are the components of human asset improvement talked about in detail: †¢ human asset improvement exercises to be the joint duty ofâ various target functionaries, for example, supervisors, govt. functionaries and if there should be an occurrence of instruction, educators and guardians too. †¢ decreasing direct enrollment by retraining and, redeployment of existing labor, in order to energize polished methodology with a sensible elevate to the status of an expert methodology uncommonly required in training. †¢ putting accentuation on human asset improvement methodologies which would reasonably coordinate the individual and authoritative needs, with uncommon reference to instructor instruction where learners are getting a charge out of twofold job †as an understudy and as an educator additionally this amplifies the centrality of expert should be tended to on need. †¢ utilizing preparing as the principle human asset improvement system; using execution and potential examination not just as components for choosing prizes and disciplines however as a powerful apparatus for advancement, as a prepared individual an educator for this situation has likewise to lead his/her understudies to 25 an ideal prospects of advancement and inventiveness which will be unthinkable without quality improvement considered in preparing degree. In any case, moving a piece past by consolidating all parts of HRD which are required for creating gentler pictures in the characters of these learners who should encourage understudies as opposed to maneuvering into a hard, harsh and predicament where the milder parts of students’ characters have scarcely any space to develop. †¢ making occupations increasingly significant and giving difficulties and inborn inspiration so they become the most grounded sparks, as without appropriate inspiration both at instructors and understudies end, canvas of imagination can't be augmented. †¢ building up the line staff as skillful asset individuals for human asset advancement, in nature of scholarly improvement for quality confirmation. †¢ leading intermittent audits of the hierarchical wellbeing presenting appropriate intercessions on a drawn out premise yet with a reasonable/useful recurrence to make the improvement . †¢ empowering, receiving and exploring different avenues regarding new mediations focused on HR advancement and generously reassuring examination and to discover new skyline for mental gauge of student instructors. †¢ directing ordinary review of the viability of the work force and human asset advancement frameworks, with the goal that this framework is obliged to be monetarily suitable and commonsense. †¢ creating and actualizing an instrument for explanation of objectives and jobs for people and gatherings; and making them equipped for objective situated. That will make their activity specialists with a worry to time imperatives. †¢ masterminding a ceaseless trade of thoughts with prominent experts, so the improvement procedure covers more extensive canvas and includes common intrigue and comprehension. 2.4 DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (HRD) Human asset advancement is viewed as the way to higher efficiency, better relations and more prominent productivity for any association. Iqbal (2007) says human efficiency is urgent for development and endurance of associations. Cheney (2002) bolstered the idea that higher efficiency prompts extreme cultural advantages. To the extent the measurements/parts/sub-frameworks of human asset advancement are concerned, instruments of human res

Discuss the Character and Functions of Sandra Essay Example for Free

Examine the Character and Functions of Sandra Essay Excellent Thing is set in London this is utilized to show what Sandras character resembles. Sandra Gangle is an extreme white collar class lady, who lives in a clean gathering level in South London. Sandra is house glad she enjoys everything in it to be pleasant looking. A case of this is the hanging crates holding tight the divider outside her home. Sandra additionally cares for her self we can tell this by the Body Shop items on the floor. Sandra has numerous jobs in this play, which incorporate being mother, neighbor, barmaid, single parent, workingwoman and a sweetheart. Sandra is a survivor as in she is raising a child completely all alone and she needs to pay for everything her self. At the point when I had three pee in my tote I went looting for that kid This Indicates Sandras unwaveringness towards to her child, and the amount she thinks about him and attempts to accommodate him. An elective case of how denied Sandra was that I couldnt bear the cost of a bed This demonstrates anyway much Sandra attempted and looted she still couldnt manage the cost of the nuts and bolts. Sandra is additionally exceptionally oppressive, utilizing foul language to affront individuals. A genuine case of Sandras oppressive language is the primary expression of the play, which is SLAG. This shows a significant piece of Sandras character and is utilized to put things in place for the remainder of the story. In spite of the fact that Sandra utilizes foul language she forestalls Jamie utilizing it by saying Language, Jamie! at the point when he reveals to Leah I dont need fuckin elp. This is on the grounds that it is rude to use to terrible language and she needs to bring him up as well as could be expected. Foul language is for the most part used to add pressure to the story. Sandra character is brutal in the manner that she converses with individuals. This can be exhibited by the manner in which she converses with Leah on a few events Face realities Leah, no bugger needs you and shut up By saying this Sandra is being awkward and heartless towards Leahs emotions. Sandra is generally negligent towards Leah. Sandra is additionally unforgiving in the manner she depicts Steves father We all realize his father calfskins him, Im just having a giggle. This is utilized to exhibit how unfeeling and inhumane Sandra truly is. Steves father was extremely forceful towards him on various events. He punches him for know reason and even tossed him out once for consuming the toast. Once when Steve was tossed out he went round to see Sandra to disclose what had befallen him. The sort of caring individual that Sandra is she took him in. In the wake of tuning in to Steve she disclosed to him he could remain the night. At that point said this to Steves father Your little Stevens round at our place today around evening time. Ive each psyche to report you. This shows the delicate and caring side that Sandra has. Among all Sandras duties she attempts her best to screen Jamies progress at school. Sandra ensures this by the expression I will check your schoolwork when I get in. This is to guarantee he is progressing admirably. Sandra is additionally entirely questionable like when she should check Jamies schoolwork she doesnt despite the fact that she guarantees also do as such. Telling Jamie Ooh, Sod that, Im knackered gives a blended impression that she is attempting her best to give cash yet is shy of time because of working, and this is the reason she is drained. Another stunning point is that Sandra is inconceivably judgemental. Reaching antagonistic resolutions without considering the outcomes and influences that it has on others. Sandra demonstrates her character is judgemental by revealing to Leah A Leopard never changes its spots and a slapper never changes her pants. An elective case of Sandra being critical is the point at which she discloses to Jamie I need you inside. Shes an awful impact. Both these statements demonstrate how Sandra rushes to size up somebody. Moreover Sandra is additionally very egotistic and is quick to enlighten others regarding her accomplishments. Gloating to a gathering of companions revealing to them I won that draping crate in the south east Thames barmaid at the year grants. Sandra is demonstrating that she is essentially in excess of a normal barmaid the verification of this was winning the honor.

Describing Essay Topics For High School Students

Describing Essay Topics For High School StudentsThere are descriptive essay topics for high school students. Whether you're writing an essay about a specific subject, or even something as specific as the weather in your area, there are many topics that you can use to describe the subject. You should keep in mind that you need to be able to describe the subject matter in the essay in a way that is entertaining and interesting, but at the same time useful to the reader.A good description should entice the reader into reading more of the rest of the piece. If the information provided in the essay is not interesting or even downright boring, the reader will not be encouraged to continue reading the entire thing. By knowing how to craft descriptive essay topics for high school students, you can get them interested in reading the rest of the piece, even if they are not exactly passionate about the subject matter.One of the most important aspects of writing descriptive essays for high schoo l students is the accuracy of the information. In order to keep yourself from making some errors that would be considered grammatical mistakes, you should check all of the spelling and punctuation before you submit the essay. Mistakes in any part of the essay will most likely catch the attention of readers, and they may not continue reading it. If you do want to include a few mistakes, make sure that you fix them after you have written it.The goal of your descriptive essay for high school students should be to use the topic to your advantage. For example, if you are writing about the weather in your area, the first sentence should mention how bad it is, or why it is bad. This will allow the reader to know that you have researched the topic before writing the essay. You may want to also mention in the beginning what kind of weather the area gets in the summertime, so that people will know that your weather facts are accurate.Even the weather in your state's history should be included in your essay. For example, if you are writing about the Civil War in your state, then mention in the beginning of the essay that your main point is that the Civil War happened in your state. Your facts could be used as evidence to prove that your facts are accurate.While your topics for high school students should be relevant to the subject matter of the entire essay, you do not want to scare the reader off. You want to use the topic as a medium to introduce your students to the topic, without taking away from the overall impact that the essay has. You may want to mention that your essay can be read as a historical document in the end.It is also important to keep your descriptive essay topics for high school students simple, while still being useful to the reader. If you have a simple topic, then you will have fewer things to worry about if any of your facts are wrong. Having too many details may distract the reader, and can make it difficult to actually get the information across .Whether you're writing an essay about a particular subject, or about something as specific as the weather in your area, there are descriptive essay topics for high school students. Regardless of what type of topic you choose, you should follow a few basic tips, so that you are guaranteed to write a great piece.

Early Childhood Curriculum For New Zealand - 927 Words

Background This physiological approach is the early year’s curriculum for New Zealand was published in 1996 after there was consultation with practitioners from the child care sector. The values (Lee 2013 p.3) ‘reflected in Te Whariki’s focus on equity and respect for children’s rights (and responsibilities), together with the aim of supporting children growing up in a democracy in which they will make a contribution.’ Two people who were given the responsibility to develop the curriculum were; Helen May and Margret Carr, and this was in 1991. The completed document was then published in 1996. (Pound, 2014) Theory/philological approach This curriculum is made up of: goals, appropriate practice, principles, and aims.(Pound, 2014) (Blaiklock 2010 pg. 201-202) ‘the four principles are: Empowerment- the early childhood curriculum empowers the child to learn and grow, Holistic development-the early childhood curriculum reflects the holistic way children learn and grow, Family and community- the wider world of family and community is an integral part of the early childhood curriculum, Relationships- Children learn through responsive and reciprocal relationships with people, places and things.’ This approach then has five key strands wellbeing, belonging, contribution, communication and exploration. (Education and Zealand, 2013). These strands then have their own set of goals. What it says about children and how they learn It says that children learn though doing things ratherShow MoreRelatedThe Curriculum And Curriculum For Excellence Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesEarly childhood education curriculums are becoming a national curriculum in most countries. With more governments and society thinking about education of under-fives we are seeing shifts in thinking and education to meet the changing world. We are developing children skills for the future to create a society where children feel they belong and can contribute to society. Curriculums are being influenced my social, political, cultural, historical and theoretical issues that are impacting differentRead MoreWhy Did The Treaty Of Waitangi Was Signed? Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesIn the early 1800s New Zealand was an independent MÄ ori-controlled nation, in 1839; Captain William Hobson was given the job of bringing sovereignty to the land of New Zealand. The crown wanted to take part in the growing trade within New Zealand. There were many British missionaries working and living in New Zealand as residents already. MÄ ori and early visitors did not often get on. A lot of violence flared up because of alcohol and women as some of the British men who had been away for long periodsRead MoreTe Whariki1308 Words   |  6 PagesWhariki: Early Childhood Curriculum in which we follow as a framework for teaching in New Zealand. This report is going to cover the three broad age groups Te Whariki is based upon. It will explain the principles and strands of Te Whariki and the impact it has on a developing child. It will describe the purpose of Te Whariki and discuss ways it is used by early childhood education services throughout New Zealand. It will describe Te Whariki’s support for bi-culturalism throughout the early childhoodRead MoreIntroduction to Early Childhood Education928 Words   |  4 PagesAs a parent choosing an early childhood education service can be a daunting process. There are many types to choose f rom, many methods and philosophies to be aware of, and a range of quality indicators to consider. This paper will identify three indicators in childcare centres that helped with my decision and relate to my personal values and beliefs associated with early childhood education. The first indicator is an effective and relevant curriculum and how it is applied into the policyRead MoreInternational Perspectives on Early Childhood Education1070 Words   |  4 PagesAn increased awareness of the implications of quality experiences in the early years has resulted in a growing interest in early childhood education. Subsequently, this has generated an interest in differing examples of early childhood curriculums. The following essay will critique the international approach, Te Whà £riki and compare the New Zealand educational system to the Early Years Foundation Stage Curriculum of the United Kingdom. The essay will include reflection upon the similaritiesRead MoreSecond Language Learning And Teaching Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesLearning and Teaching Part 1: Summaries of THREE texts Having read ‘Languages in Aotearoa New Zealand’, published on March 2013, by Royal Society of New Zealand, I was able to comprehend how important language diversity both individually and socially within New Zealand’s community. Language diversity is a major factor in life, which is often overlooked and often underappreciated in New Zealand. Even though, New Zealander’s have a range of cultures and religions, as a country, we do not legally recogniseRead MoreLiterature Review : The Home Language Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesWestern countries (Kaur, 2010; Azzolina, 2007; Cavaluzzi, 2010); Del Carpio Del Carpio, 2015). The reports from Statistics (2013) shows that in New Zealand, most commonly spoken languages after English are Maori, Samoan, Hindi, Northern Chinese, French and Yue (Cantonese).This paper will focus on the benefits of learning two or more languages during the early years of education. The children with strong home language base learn other languages easily and it helps them to develop their cognitive, linguisticRead MoreProgram Planning in Early Childhood Education Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesProgramme planning is a vital sector in diverse early childhood education (ECE) service to provide quality education and care for young children. There are many ways we could plan things. The planning will link to the document of desirable of objectives (DOPs), Te Whariki and the licensing criteria which provide by the government. Planning in ECE cycle has no beginning and no end; it is a continued cycle day after day, week after week and year after year. 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We will then be identifying and critically discussing two aspects of play that are particularly important to the centre, and examine their strengths and challenges with reference to contemporary play theory, curriculum planning, and images of the children, of children and learning. These two aspects include relationships and the notion of

Newfoundland and Labrador Facts

The most eastern province in Canada consists of the island of Newfoundland and Labrador which is on the mainland of Canada. Newfoundland and Labrador are the youngest Canadian province, joining Canada in 1949. Location of Newfoundland and Labrador The island of Newfoundland is at the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, with the Atlantic Ocean on the north, east and south. The island of Newfoundland is separated from Labrador by the Strait of Belle Isle. Labrador is on the northeastern tip of the Canadian mainland, with Quebec to the west and south, and the Atlantic Ocean down to the Strait of Belle Isle on the east. The northern tip of Labrador is on the Hudson Strait. See Interactive Map of Newfoundland and Labrador. Area of Newfoundland and Labrador 370,510.76 sq. km (143,055 sq. miles) (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census) Population of Newfoundland and Labrador 514,536 (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census) Capital City of Newfoundland and Labrador St. Johns, Newfoundland Date Newfoundland Entered Confederation March 31, 1949 See Joey Smallwood Biography. Government of Newfoundland Progressive Conservative Newfoundland Provincial Elections Last Newfoundland Provincial Election: October 11, 2011 Next Newfoundland Provincial Election: October 13, 2015 Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Paul Davis Main Newfoundland and Labrador Industries Energy, fisheries, mining, forestry, tourism

The Rover, By Aphra Behn Essay - 1205 Words

Literature, in its many forms, captures the essence of human experience. Emotions, memories, hopes, and dreams are all frozen in time so that they never be forgotten. Yet, time destroys all things, and as time marches on the purpose behind such raw displays of human essence are sometimes forgotten. Within a modern society, the idea that women have, and should, express their desires, passions, and opinions comes by naturally. However, this universal truth was not always deemed acceptable. There was a time where female sexuality, personal identity, and desires were simply dismissed. It is with this knowledge in mind that the meaning behind Aphra Behn’s comedy The Rover is felt in full force. With the historical context of the Restoration period taken into account, Behn’s work becomes something far more than just a play inspired to bring an audience a good laugh. It is a testament to the skill of a woman, who took the title of professional writer for herself, despite a ti me period where such an action was met with contemp. It is a critique on a society that held no respect for women as individuals. Finally, it is a subtle, but vital push to change that misogynistic view. Through a complex and developed female cast, as well as bold depictions of sexuality, Behn’s play critiques and challenges Restoration views of women. Before analyzing the play, itself, it is of significant importance to better understand the level of opposition faced by Behn during her time. Perhaps one ofShow MoreRelated`` The Rover `` By Aphra Behn1445 Words   |  6 Pages Between the classifications of virgin and prostitute lay a void, not a range; one could give the entire freight or nothing. Performed in 1677, Aphra Behn s play, The Rover addresses this twofold standard, which restricted her female companions sexual cravings to the domain of religious community, massage parlor, or home. Set free in the upside down universe of Festival, her characters show the dynamic, entangled amusement required of ladies looking to secure individual satisfaction. TheRead MoreThe Rover by Aphra Behn Essay1202 Words   |  5 Pages In The Rover by Aphra Behn the reader is shown how all a woman could do during the 1600’s in Europe was sell herself through marriage or prostitution through the characters Hellena and Angellica. Both women have different views on love, sex, and marriage. Hellena is a woman who does not want to be controlled by men. It has been determined by her father and brother that she will join a nunnery, which she rejects. Hellena doesnâ⠂¬â„¢t want her desires to be controlled and feels she has the right to loveRead MoreAphra Behn - Gender Economics in the Rover3540 Words   |  15 PagesTERM PAPER Gender Economics of Restoration and Aphra Behn INTRODUCTION The Restoration era allowed women to step into what was historically an essentially masculine space, that of literary and theatrical production. As women stepped on stage, they entered a market- they were commodities displayed to attract a larger crowd towards the theatre. Thus even though through writing or acting a woman could gain financial independence, unlike men they weren’t selling their work, they were ostensiblyRead MoreGender Stereotypes By Aphra Behn  ¬Ã‚ ¥ s The Rover Essay927 Words   |  4 PagesGender Stereotypes in Aphra Behn ´s The Rover The social and sexual freedom that came with the Puritan Protectorate in 1660 did not apply for women. Instead, there was a double standard for men and women. Men had all liberties they wanted to have, but for women there were still only three roles: Nun, prostitute or wife (Goodson, para. 1). Aphra Behn picks up on this issue in her play The Rover, which premiered on March 24, 1677. Certainly, the play contains powerful female characters like HellenaRead MoreThe Feminist: Aphra Behn Essay786 Words   |  4 Pagescentury a writer named Aphra Behn emerged as leader in English literature. With a shaky beginning, Behn persevered to become the first female professional writer. With her feminist opinions, she revolutionized writing and her impacts in the 17th century would change modern day writing. Behn was a clever writer who wrote lively, vibrant plays and poetry. Behn impacted the world, not only with her writing, but also with her determination and voice about her feminist opinion s. Behn showed strength andRead More A Patriarchic Society in Aphra Behns The Rover Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesSociety in Aphra Behns The Rover In her play The Rover, Aphra Behn uses the treatment of women to suggest the presence of a strong patriarchic society and what harm can become of it. The main female character Florinda is manipulated, used, and treated horribly by men in instances of near-rape, battering and beating, and foul language among other things. Behn also uses Willmore, one of the main male characters, and his attitude towards women to prove her point. By doing this, Behn is suggestingRead MoreThe Rover Analysis2460 Words   |  10 PagesIn Aphra Behns â€Å"The Rover,† characters define relationships as a type of economy where value and use are key. This time period commodified love and sexuality, valuing financial success over meaningful relationships. The dowry system made rich women with a high status most desirable for marriage and their value was increased by their honor. Typical of seventeenth century literature, Behn plays with this ideology as â€Å"the language of love in Restoration co medies frequently draws on the language ofRead MoreResearch Paper : Aphra Behn1320 Words   |  6 PagesMaia Davis Orlando/4A English 2302 Research Paper: Aphra Behn In a time when very few authors - let alone female authors - could support themselves through their craft, Aphra Behn was a well known and highly regarded writer in London. She wrote many plays for the London stage, penned poetry, and wrote what some consider the first English novel (though others consider it a novella or a somewhat long short story). Much of her work decries the unequal treatment of women in her era, and she sufferedRead More Aphra Behns Oroonoko as the First Modern Novel Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesmatter the quality, publications written by women were typically ridiculed by their male contenders.   However, a handful of women defied the common standards and were prosperous; one of these was Aprha Behn.   Virgina Wolf says of Behn, All women together ought to let flowers fall upon the tomb of Aphra Behn, for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds.   Although she was a woman of outstanding accomplishments, one of her publications truly g listens.   Oroonoko (1688), the epic tale ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Elin Diamond 757 Words   |  4 Pageslarger dowry s to attract more beneficial suitors. The unexpected side effect of these actions led to a change in how men would look at women. Women no longer were looked at as potential lovers or ladies but rather price tags and financial benefit. Aphra recognized this idea and Elin explains in her play how this new identity was reflected in The Feigned Courtesans. The women seek to be rid of their attachments to the patriarchal policies of selling their daughters into slavery to other men for pure

Father Of Internet Technology Essay Example For Students

Father Of Internet Technology Essay Evaluation of Craig Brockmans Assignment by Eric Becker (05/22 05:40 PM) Grade: ACraig H. BrockmanInstructor: Eric BeckerCollege Writing9 May 2000Dr. Leonard Kleinrock:Father of Internet TechnologyMost every work of human progress has carried within it the signature of one or more individuals who saw beyond the horizon, challenged convention and then, in ways large and small, forever changed our world. Some of these signatures, like Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone and Thomas Edison, whose many patents include both the electric light bulb, the microphone and record player, are easily identifiable. But what about a work of human progress so complex and far-reaching that its very origins might seem untraceable? Indeed, what about the Internet? There are, of course, many individuals who have contributed to the rise and globalization of the Internet a network of networks, connecting all parts of the world electronically Yet one name stands out: Dr. Leonard Kleinrock, kn own to many as The Father of Internet Technology. It was his theory of packet-switching that led the United States government and a team of nearly 40 researchers to develop what would eventually be the worldwide communications system that is today so much a part of our lives.The Internet, what exactly is it, and where did it come from?Definitions of the Internet are varied and can be truly complicated for the common layman to understand. In its most simple form, the Internet is defined in the publication The Internet, as the Internet is the biggest computer system in the world. It is an enormous network of networks that spans the globe continuously evolving and redefining itself (Cooper 8). However, there is an official definition of the Internet by the United States government. The governing body of the Internet is called The Federal Networking Council (FNC). And on October 24, 1995 the FNC defined the Internet as a global information system that (i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons;(ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and(iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein. (FNC) The start of the InternetDevelopment of the Advanced Research Projects Agency network (ARPAnet) started in the 1950s during the Eisenhower administration. ARPAnet was the answer to the Soviet Unions launching of Sputnik. The United States military needed a way to communicate around the military network safely and securely. They (Department of Defense) came up with a system which sent information broken down into packets of data (Cooper 12). Since the ARPAnet was a network, the question of networking would surely arise. As pointed out in a compilation edited by Brian Cooper, network is defined as a pair of computers linked together by cable so that they can share information, hardware (such as printers), and programs (12). Who is Dr. Kleinrock?Leonard Kleinrock had a very humble beginning. Born June 13, 1934 in the Borough of Manhattan in New York City. At the age of six, Leonard Kleinrock was reading a Superman comic book at his familys apartment in Manhattan, when, in the centerfold, he found plans for building a crystal radio. To do so, he needed his fathers used razor blade, a piece of pencil lead, an empty toilet paper roll, and some wire. He needed an earphone, which he promptly appropriated from a public telephone booth. The one remaining part required was something called a variable capacitor. For this, young Leonard convinced his mother to take him on the subway down to Canal Street, the center for radio electronics. In one of the stores, he asked the clerk for a variable capacitor. After some debate about the size, which forced the six-year old to confess his inexperience, the clerk sold him just what he needed. When free music came through the earphones-without batteries, without power-an engineer was born (Segaller 32). Imagine two students, one depressed and one not, w EssayTodays InternetIn the early 1980s the American military split away from ARPAnet, leaving what became known as the Internet (Cooper 12). ARPAnet was the actual beginning of the World Wide Web and the Internet. Due to its now capitalist commercial scheme of the Internet, it is ironic that the development and unforeseen improvement of the world-wide economy came as a response from the United States government to the Soviet Unions because of the launching of a rocket that carried a dog into space. The Internet has become a common place in our society. It is as common as the telephone or the automobile. The simple ease of communicating with strangers across the world in a matter of seconds, that once took weeks by regular mail. Even shopping on the Internet from the comfort of our own homes is an everyday occurrence. These are things that we shouldnt take for granted, and these are things that we can now thank the inventors, personally through another invention of theirs, Electronic Mail (e-mail). Dr. Kleinrock: The Father of Internet TechnologySimply put, without the most important contribution of packet switching by Dr. Kleinrock, the Internet would more than likely not exist today. Over the years there has been great advances in computer technology. This has been mostly accomplished by the partnership of other engineers throughout the world communicating with one another through the use of Internet. This type of communication would not have come without the ingenious theory of Dr. Kleinrocks theory. So one must ask oneself, If not for the immediate communication that the Internet gives us, would we (the world) be this technically advanced without the Internet? In literature that there is on the Internet, there is always a mention of Dr. Kleinrock. Our children and our childrens children will know of nothing less than the luxury of having the Internet available to them at anytime of day or night. The simple ease of communicating with strangers across the world in a matter of seconds, that once took weeks by regular mail. These are things that we shouldnt take for granted, and these are things that we can now thank the inventors, personally. I was able to contact Dr. Kleinrock. I wanted to inform him that I was doing a research thesis on his invention, using the same invention to relay this information. I would say this would be the equivalent of calling Mr. Bell on the phone, or even driving my car to Mr. Ford, and thanking them for their wonderful gifts to mankind. Dr. Kleinrock is one of many men that put in place this fabulous tool. One thing we must remember, as with all other tools of man, we should not abuse it or take it for granted. It was an honor for me to do this thesis and actually communicate with the Father of the Internet Technology. BibliographyWorks CitedCooper, Brian, ed. The Internet. New York. 1996: 8-12. Kleinrock, Leonard. Inventor of the Internet Technology. http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu. Segaller, Stephen. Nerds 2.0.1 A Brief History of the Internet. New York: TV Books, 1998: 32-69. United States. Federal Networking Council. FNC Resolution: Definition of Internet. October 24, 1995. Last accessed April 20, 2000. . University of California, Los Angeles. The Birth of the Internet. August 27, 1996. Last accessed April 27, 2000. Thesis and Dissertations

After Reading quot;Richard Coryquot; And quot;Shot So

After Reading quot;Richard Coryquot; And quot;Shot So After Reading Richard Cory And Shot So Quick... By A. E. Housman And The – Essay Example Lecturer Essay # Analysis of poems: Short? So quick, so clean an ending and Richard Cory Short? So quick, so clean an ending and Richard Cory are two poems that directly speak about human experiences. In both poems, the subjects end up committing suicide in order to run away from some form of problem. In both poems, the authors demonstrate that human beings can go to great lengths in an attempt to address the problems they face. Therefore, in these two poems, suicide is used as the vehicle to escape from one’s irreversible mistakes and avoid inflicting the suffering onto others. In Short? So quick, so clean an ending, the author shows that the subject had been suffering from some form of public humiliation; ‘After long disgrace and scorn’ (Houseman, 10). Therefore, in order to avoid this humiliation, the only option was to commit suicide. In addition, it is shown that he had to do so because he did not want to offend those around him: ‘You would not live to wrong your brothers’ (Houseman, 19). For this reason, self inflicted death is a way of avoid the spread of one’s suffering onto others. Similarly, in Richard Cory, Richard committed suicide because he lacked something. Although the poem does not explicitly state exactly what he lacked, it is clear that it was something he could not change. Richard had everything; â€Å"And he was rich- yes, richer than a king† (Robinson, 9), and the people admired him. by looking at his appearance and wealth, the people thought Richard â€Å"was everything† (Robinson, 11). Although he appeared to lead a comfortable life, one day he â€Å"put a bullet through his head† (Robinson, 16). Richard appears to have lacked something others in the town had, and this made him look different. Whatever the problem was, Richard could not correct it by himself or use his massive wealth to change it. To avoid this humiliation and embarrassment, suicide is chosen as the best cure . Both poems speak about a common problem across many societies today: suicide. In the modern world, there are numerous challenges people encounter. These could be related to their families, work, personal health or addictions. For some people, suicide has been the only way to get out of such problems. People consider suicide because they feel their problems cannot be solved by anyone, and the only way to relieve the pain is by dying. Feelings such as guilt, loneliness, loss and hopelessness are common among many people today, and hence some might take this option to get away from them. In addition, as shown in Richard Cory, even those who appear to be comfortable might be battling some kind of problem, and they too, might end up committing suicide. Housman, A. E.  A Shropshire Lad. Champaign, Ill.: Project Gutenberg. Print.Parini, Jay.  The Wadsworth Anthology Of Poetry. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005. Print.

Free Essays on Reduction In Force

Reduction in Force Paper The purpose of this paper is to inform the officers of this company of the hazards they may encounter in laying off employees. This document will look at a few of the acts that have been passed and how they should be used in conjunction with the new business plan. It is important when planning a reduction in force to review the demographics of the workers being retained and the workers being terminated. I recommend that you check the protected class status of those employees staying and those employees going to see if employees of protected class status are being treated comparably to other employees. If people are being chosen for a reduction in force based on some set of performance criteria, it is important to review who determined the criteria, whether the criteria have some possible discriminatory bias, and who is applying the criteria. Taking all of these steps early helps reduce trouble later on. Were Waivers used? The benefit of waivers is of course that it reduces the threat of future litigation. It is important to note, however, that a waiver must be in accord with the law to be enforceable, and that future claims cannot be waived. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has also concluded that an employee cannot waive his or her right to file a charge or participate in an investigation by the EEOC, but that the employee who signed the waiver will not be able to recover money damages. The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN) The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act generally requires covered employers who anticipate a plant closing or mass layoff to give affected employees (or their bargaining representatives) and local government officials advance notice of such action. Many states and municipalities have adopted similar laws governing plant closings and mass layoffs. Generally, employers must provide at least 60 calendar days of notice prior to any covered ... Free Essays on Reduction In Force Free Essays on Reduction In Force Reduction in Force Paper The purpose of this paper is to inform the officers of this company of the hazards they may encounter in laying off employees. This document will look at a few of the acts that have been passed and how they should be used in conjunction with the new business plan. It is important when planning a reduction in force to review the demographics of the workers being retained and the workers being terminated. I recommend that you check the protected class status of those employees staying and those employees going to see if employees of protected class status are being treated comparably to other employees. If people are being chosen for a reduction in force based on some set of performance criteria, it is important to review who determined the criteria, whether the criteria have some possible discriminatory bias, and who is applying the criteria. Taking all of these steps early helps reduce trouble later on. Were Waivers used? The benefit of waivers is of course that it reduces the threat of future litigation. It is important to note, however, that a waiver must be in accord with the law to be enforceable, and that future claims cannot be waived. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has also concluded that an employee cannot waive his or her right to file a charge or participate in an investigation by the EEOC, but that the employee who signed the waiver will not be able to recover money damages. The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN) The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act generally requires covered employers who anticipate a plant closing or mass layoff to give affected employees (or their bargaining representatives) and local government officials advance notice of such action. Many states and municipalities have adopted similar laws governing plant closings and mass layoffs. Generally, employers must provide at least 60 calendar days of notice prior to any covered ...

Developing an Implementation Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Developing an Implementation Plan - Assignment Example Additionally, peer support will contribute to enthusiasm and buy-in for the implementation process. Administrative support is equally important because it will influence the degree to which institutions will implement the program. Below is the process of obtaining informal approval: Formal approval will require the submission of the program implementation plan to Site Based Research Review. SBR will review the proposal to assess the validity and legality of the contents of the plan. Afterward, the SBR will assign a director who will then forward the proposal to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for review. The implementation will then commence after the approval of the IRB. Research studies reveal that health associated infections (HAIs) are some of the most common complications that healthcare organizations and practitioners face. For instance, a new research study reveals that more than two million people develop HAIs every year. The infections result in approximately 1,000 deaths every year. HAIs are also responsible for health care costs in excess of 30 billion dollars. Thus, addressing the issue of HAIs is critical in reducing healthcare costs and enhance patient safety. One of the approaches to addressing the problem of HAIs is reducing the prevalence of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) among patients. CAUTIs are the most typical examples of HAIs, and they account for more than 35 percent of infections. The U.S. Department of Health estimates the total annual cost of CAUTI to be 565 million dollars, and the annual rate of deaths from CAUTI is 8,205 (). Additionally, approximately six hundred thousand patients develop urinary tr act infections from hospitals and cases of CAUTI are approximately 75 percent. However, the good news is that researchers have revealed that healthcare systems can prevent CAUTIs and that approximately 70 percent of CAUTI episodes can be prevented. Additional research studies reveal that patients

The Decline of the English and Humanities Departments of Universities Research Paper

The Decline of the English and Humanities Departments of Universities - Research Paper Example Regardless of this reduced interest in Humanities, it is important to note that Scientists and Economists alike rely on languages and Humanities in their researches, analyses and presentations (Howard 24). The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of such a decline and the proposal of possible solutions to reverse the situation. Different policymakers and educators have become more and more responsive of the significance of understanding the learning practices of other countries. This is done on the basis to evaluate the comparative standing of their education results as a sign of international financial competitiveness. In any given society or nation, education forms a point of reference from where economic development is achieved and the improvement of the living standards. Howard (34) notes that the great loss and disappearance of great works, the consistent devaluation of humanities against the sciences and the sluggish speed of humanities as compared to that of hi-tech nologies are all factors for the reduced interest in humanities. With this also comes the fact that parents and students alike desire a profitable return for their big investments in high education. Thus, more and more students turn to Science subjects and Economics. It is worth contemplating that English and humanities departments should be made in such a way that learners are assured of getting job once they leave their colleges. This will be the only way through which the decline of such subjects will be minimized in the end. As Chace (35) suggests, the major cause for this has been the failure of the English and Humanities’ departments on themselves to champion the material they teach. For instance, English departments have shifted their focus from once popular books and literature to arbitrary studies, such as identity, popular culture, sexuality and abstruse theory. The result is that the books, which ought to be studied independently, have become a secondary rather tha n a primary source, being used only to give information about these studies. The impact of this is that the departments â€Å"have distanced themselves from young people interested in good books† (Chace 36). This explains the reduction in enrollment into Humanities over the past few decades, whereby, even with an increased capacity of student enrollment into universities, there has been a significant reduction of the students enrolled in these departments. Besides, while English departments are responsible for teaching composition in the Universities- a central activity in higher education- its instructors are among the lowest paid, sometimes being considered as a liability rather than an asset (Chace 40). This has formed a point of reference from where many of the instructors have been forced to seek well paying jobs, in so doing resulting to the decline of certain departments. The fact that many higher education institutions have had to close their humanities and foreign la nguages departments so as to cut ion cost is in itself a daunting and frightening fact to the absolute future of humanities. Similarly, several studies show that the faculty jobs for humanities are diminishing while that of social sciences is increasing. For instance, one such study by Stanford University in 2006 shows that between 1915 and 1955, the faculty

Explanations for Inequality Essay Example for Free

Explanations for Inequality Essay There are many sociological explanations for female inequality in society. Inequality is where something/ someone is seen as not equal compared to something else. For example men have more opportunities than women in life, suggesting females suffer huge inequality in many factors of life. Firstly, Anne Oakley speaks about how women suffer inequalities in the work place. Oakley notes that after the industrial revolution in Britain acts were passed to limit women working; in 1851 one in four married women worked whereas in 1911 one in ten worked. During the Victorian era the ideology that a womans place was in the home became truly established and industrialisation led to the separation of men from the daily routine of domestic life. Now it is claimed that women suffer from four main inequalities in the workplace. Firstly, there is the much debated pay gap in which, even though legislation to stop unequal pay was introduced in the 1970s, the although narrowing pay gap is still visible between men and women. Secondly half of all females in employment are in part time employment; this form of employment is often less secure with fewer benefits. Thirdly, women suffer from vertical segregation; this is sometimes referred to as the glass ceiling effect. Women are seemingly unable to achieve the higher ranking positions and are stopped from achieving managerial positions by an invisible barrier. Lastly, women are said to suffer from horizontal segregation which is the idea of gendered jobs. Liberal feminist Oakley blames the dominant housewife mother role, suggesting that a wifes role is primarily domestic, thus inequality is inevitable. There are criticisms for this study however, suggesting that it sees inequality as simply just a matter of time. As well as biological factors, and time Victoria Beechey, from a marxist perspective has deleveloped a study which sees women as a reserve army of labour. She uses this in order to explain the position of women in the labour market. Marx argued that capitalism required a reserve army of labour, that is a spare pool of potential recruits to the labour force. Beechey identifies a number of ways in which women in modern Britain are particularly suited to form part of this reserve army. She suggests that womens jobs are least likely to be covered by redundancy legislation, so its cheaper to make them redundant rather than men, suggesting huge inequality as it shows women are superior to men. Furthermore she suggests that unemployed married women may not be elegible to receive state benefits if their husbands are working, and for this reason they might not appear in unemployment statistics. Beechey says that women who are made redundant are able to disappear virtually without a trace back into the family. She also suggests that women are more likely to accept part time work due to their domestic role, women tend to be happy in accepting less wages than their husbands as they can rely on their man. This makes you realise that still in society, women who don’t work, even though they want to is still frowned upon, and it would be easier for men to get jobs than women, showing inequality between women and men. Bruegel challenges this theory, she questions the assumption that the interests of capital must be served if women are to be used as a reserve army of labour. She points out that women can also benefit capitalism by producing domestic labour in the home, as this reduces the amount that needs to be paid to male workers. Linda Mcdowell like Beechey also talks about part time work, and why women are more likely to accept it. She applies post-Fordist theory to female employment. Post-Fordism suggests that there has been a move away from mass production to more flexible production of specialist products. Businesses keep a core of highly skilled workers, but most other workers are temporary, or part time, or work is contracted out to other firms. Women tend to be concentrated in the more flexible jobs, particularly part time work. This suggests that even today it is still hard to for women to have a good career like men, as due to other priorities part time work may be the only suitable explanation. Lovering found evidence to support this theory suggesting that post Fordism trends affect only some women. Furthermore, post-Feminists argue that the feminism of the 1970s and 80s is out dated because it sees all women as sharing the same interests and ignores the diverse interests of different groups of women. Natasha Walter believes that there is still much that feminists need to change. She believes that the post-feminist emphasis on political correctness and language neglects the continuing problems of inequality which affect all women. Women still tend to suffer from problems such a low pay, lack of childcare, the dual burden of paid employment and domestic labour, poverty and domestic sexual violence. Following up on this Germaine Greer suggests that women cannot be themselves as they still have to act in the ways men want them to be. This suggests that women suffer in the hands of men, due to them being more powerful etc. Women thus are brainwashed into being how men want them to be, for example, clothing and make up. Radical feminists also believe that mens power and control over men is the main reason for inequality. They believe that patriarchy is the most important concept when explaining gender inequalities. They tend to focus on the power relationships that are experienced in private, in particular the significance of sexuality and the use of violence. Kate Millet believes that oppressive and unequal relationships between men and women originate not in wider society, but in the intimacy of personal relationships, in sexual partnerships and in families and households or various kinds. She believes personal relationships are also political in that they are based on different and unequal amounts of power which are determined by sex and which are reinforced in every aspect of wider society. Culture, government, tradition, religion, law, education and the media all reflect patriarchal leadership and power. Critics of this theory suggest that this theory is ultimately biologically deterministic, since the biological facts of reproduction are at the heart of the position. Not all sociologists believe that inequality is still a major factor in society. Catherine Hakim (economist) suggests a Rational choice theory. She is critical of all feminist positions. She argues that feminist theories are both inaccurate and misleading, and that women are not victims of unfair employment practices. She identifies five myths; womens employment had not in fact been rising, women were less committed to work than men, that their childcare responsibilities were not the main reason for them working part time, that part time jobs were not necessarily worse and finally that women were less likely to be in stable employment. This goes against all feminist explanations and suggests that inequality is not as we see it, and a lot has changed. However, Crompton argues that Hakim underplays the structures within which women make choices. In particular she cites the development of the male bread winner. Other sociologist like Hakim who neglect mainstream feminist values are the black feminists. They are critical of mainstream feminism suggesting that they neglect the particular problems that black women face. Bourne argues that white feminists are luke-warm about tackling racism because they enjoy social, economic and political privileges which make them part of the system which oppresses black women. Further more Yuval-Davis develops this theme claiming that non-black minority ethnics such as Iranian, Cypriot, and Chinese women not only face racism, they also face cultural patriarchy which is particular to their communities. This is suggesting women are not really all in the same position and it affects people differently. White feminists tend to reject black feminists and ignore them from most of the studies and theories.

Henry ford :: essays research papers

THE LIFE OF HENRY FORD Henry ford was born July 30, 1863. He was the first child out of six born to William and Mary Ford. He grew up on a big farm in Dearborn, Michigan. He went to school in a one room building and did many chores every day after he got home. He did not like farm chores. He did like to work on mechanical things. When he was 16, he left home to move to Detroit. He got a job there working on machinery. Three years later he went back home and began to work on repairing steam engines. In 1888, he married Clara and ran a sawmill to make money. In 1891, Henry Ford began working for Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit. He was promoted to Chief Engineer in 1893. He began to experiment on internal combustion engines on his own time at home. In 1896, he built his own vehicle that moved on its own called the Quadricycle. He was not the first to make a machine that ran on gasoline by itself. In 1903, the Ford Motor Company was created. He became the Vice President and the Chief Engineer of the corporation. There were other people who helped run the business and give money to it. The company only made a few cars a day. In 1908, he made the Model T. It was reliable and did not cost a lot. It was easy to drive and handle on rough roads. It was a huge success. By 1918, almost half of all the cars in America were Model T’s. In 1910, in Highland, Michigan, Mr. Ford built another plant to make a lot more of these cars. In 1913, he created the first true

Blue Jeans †American Cultural Artifact Essay

Blue jeans in the last thirty years have attained such world wide popularity that they have come to be considered an American icon. However jeans have not always been held in high stead, but rather have had a troubled history including its beginnings within the working class movement, being considered unsavory by religious leaders and also seen as a rebellious statement about ‘western decadence’. According to the University of Toronto, no other garment has served as an example of status ambivalence and ambiguity than blue jeans in the history of fashion. Throughout this essay I will discuss how jeans have become such a common treasured and even expensive item crossing over class, gender, age, regional, and national lines as reflected by the many changing political views and acceptance from various social classes over the past 50 years. History of Blue Jeans According to the University of Toronto, blue jeans were originally created for the California coal miners in the mid-nineteenth century by the Morris Levi Strauss, a Bavarian immigrant who relocated to New York in 1847. Mr Strauss’ fate and the history of clothing changed forever when in 1872 he received an offer from Jacob Davis, a tailor from Reno Nevada. Mr. Davis, in order to improve the durability of the pants that he made for his clients, had been adding metal rivets to the highly stressed seams. The idea was successful and he wished to patent it, but due to financial constraints required a partner and hence Levi became the financial backer and partner. In 1873, the new partners received a patent for â€Å"an improvement in Fastening Pocket-Openings†, and thus the history of blue jeans as we know them began. Blue jeans were originally called â€Å"waist overalls† by Levi Strauss and Co and in the 1920’s these were the most widely used worker’s pants in America. The name of these trousers changed to â€Å"jeans† in the 1960’s when Levi Strauss and Co. recognized that this was what the product was being called by the young, hip teenage boys. The history of â€Å"waist overalls† continues as the history of blue jeans. â€Å"Jeans† is now generally understood to refer to pants made out of a specific type of fabric called â€Å"denim† (Fashion Encyclopedia). Blue Jeans through the decades The popularity of blue jeans spread among working people, such as farmers and the ranchers of the American West. According to the Encyclopedia of Fashion, in the 1930’s jeans became so popular among cowboys that Wrangler formed just to make denim work clothing for those who rode the range. Jeans have tended to follow along in popularity with popular culture as evident with the popular Western films which found adventure and romance in the adventures of the cowboys who rode horses, shot bad guys, and wore blue jeans. Those who wished to imitate the casual, rugged look of the cowboys they saw in films began to wear jeans as casual wear (Fashion Encyclopedia). This effect is not hard to understand, as even today fashion trends are greatly influenced by what highly publicized celebrities choose to wear. During World War II blue jeans became part of the official uniform of the Navy and Coast Guard, and became even more popular when worn as off-duty leisure clothing by many other soldiers. In his book, â€Å"Jeans: A Cultural History of an American Icon†, James Sullivan states that the rise of the popularity of jeans after the WWII can greatly be attributed to the influence of the film and music industry, during the 1950s many young people began to wear jeans when they saw them on rebellious young American film stars such as Marlon Brando and James Dean. By 1950, Levi’s began selling nationally and other brands started emerging, such as Lee Coopers and each with its own particular fit (Sullivan 287). According to the University of Toronto, in the 1960’s and 1970’s jeans were embraced by the nonconformist hippie youth movement, and the history of blue jeans even gets linked to the downfall of communism. Behind the iron curtain, jeans became a symbol of â€Å"western decadence† and individuality and as such were highly sought. Jeans had become extremely popular, but were still mainly worn by working people or the young. In the 1980’s through to the 1990’s jeans were no longer seen as rebellious or a source of individuality, but they were transformed as the term ‘designer jeans’ was discovered. Many designers such as Jordache and Calvin Klein came on board to create expensive jeans and some jeans even reached haute couture status (Fashion Encyclopedia). In the new millennium denim is seen on designer catwalks and there are now hundreds of styles, types and labels available and of various price ranges. Changing Popularity According to Peter Beagle in his book â€Å"American Denim: A New Folk Art†, the popularity of jeans can be attributed to the fact that jeans can be seen to embrace the American democratic values of independence, freedom and equality. Some Americans even consider jeans to be the national uniform. Blue jeans have evolved from a garment associated exclusively with hard work to one associated with leisure. What began as work clothes has transformed into one of the â€Å"hottest† items available on the consumer market today. What was once apparel associated with low culture has undergone a reversal in status. Blue jeans were the first to accomplish a rather revolutionary cultural achievement bringing upper class status to a lower class garment. Conclusion At one point or another throughout history, blue jeans have been the uniform of many groups and are considered the one garment of clothing that has remained hip for over a century and has survived everything from World War II to the eighties. For half a century blue jeans have helped define every youth movement, and every effort of older generations to deny the passing of youth. Fifty years ago America invented the concept of teenager, and it is probably no coincidence that the enduring character of blue jeans, claiming independence and the right to self-expression, can be traced to the same time. Jeans were once seen as clothing for minority groups such as workers, hippies or rebellious youth, but are now embraced by the dominant American culture as a whole.

The effects of globalization on companies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3791 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Due to globalization the business people have to interact and manage different people from different cultures. It is helpfulÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.to think of culture as analogous to music:(a)If another person hasnt heard a particular piece of music, it is impossible to describe.(b)Before the days of written scores, people had to learn informally by imitation.(c)People were able to exploit the potential of music only when they started writing music scores. (Hall,1973). Culture is a collective phenomenon that is about shared values and meanings. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The effects of globalization on companies" essay for you Create order For a successful company a strong connection between organizational structure and culture is very important. Organizing is the process of arranging people and other resources to work together to accomplish a goal. Organization structure is a system of tasks, reporting relationships, and communication linkages. Culture is a collective phenomenon that is about shared values and meanings. Strategic mergers are becoming critical components for todays global business strategy. The common causes for the failure in mergers are structural and cultural differences. Before merger the firms need extensive preparation, a relationship of trust between negotiators and long period of post-merger consolidation. 1.1. Research questions What are the organizational designs and key dimensions of culture? What are the factors that influence organizational structure and culture? What are the impacts of organizational structure and culture on merger Process? 1.2. Research objectives To describe the organizational designs and key dimensions of culture. To identify the factors that influence organizational structure and culture. To describe the impacts of organizational structure and culture on merger Process. 2. Research methodology 2.1. Data collection and data analysis. 2.2. Case study method. 3. Literature review and application 4. Organizational structure: The structure of an organization is the sum total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct tasks and then achieves co-ordination among them (Mintzberg, 1979) Managers design the organizational structure to influence employees to achieve wider goals. 4.1. The organizational designs: Organizational design is the process of creating structure that will help to achieve the mission and objectives of an organization. The organizational design consists of 1.Organizational variables, 2.Control variables, and 3.Cultural variables. Organizational variables: The organizational variables are designed to achieve organizational effectiveness. They will help the organization to achieve its goals without any confusion in a precise way. The following are the important organizational variables. 1. Decision rights: This Indicating who is having the responsibility to approve an important decision regarding the business and implement necessary technology and control various types of decisions. It designs the proper allocation of decision rights. 2. Business processes: The set of ordered tasks needed to complete key objectives of the business and includes 1) A beginning and an end,2)Inputs and outputs,3)A set of sub processes that transform the inputs into out puts,4)A set of metrics for measuring effectiveness. 3. Formal reporting relationships: The formal reporting relationship reflects the flow of communication and coordination among the units throughout the organization. Effective communication, coordination and cooperation among uni ts in an organization are basic necessities for growth of the organization. 4. Informal networks: Sharing and transferring knowledge within different project unites other than the formal reporting relationships are the key factors for effective function of the organization. Control variables: These are the tools which will help the organization to monitor, motivate and evaluate the performance of the organization. 1. Data: Collecting information regarding the progress of all units, evaluating and providing feedback. 2. Planning: It is the processes through which the desired strategic objectives are achieved. 3. Performance measurement and evaluation: To improve the quality of work a set of measures are used to get feedback about execution of plans and the processes. This feed back is used to improve the performance of the organization. 4. Incentives: Incentives are motivating factors within an organization which will help to improve the organizational performance. Cultural variables: Set of values and beliefs about what is desirable and undesirable in a community of people. 1. Values: The set of unspoken and clear beliefs that underlines decisions made and actions taken, reflects aspirations about the way things should be done. 4.2. Identifying structural characteristics: Every firm should have a strategic plan which specifies the future direction of the business. The responsibilities of the managers should be organized to achieve the strategic plan, for this the firm should have their organizational structure that identifies responsibilities for each job position and relationships among those positions. The organizational structure also indicates how all the job responsibilities fit together. The organizational structure affects the effectiveness and efficiency with which the firm produces its product and therefore has an impact on the firms value. When choosing a structure that fits its business goals, it is important to understand different types of organizational structures and compare them with each other. Reduce the disadvantages or negative impacts that the chosen structure might have on the business goal. According to my analysis different firms use different organizational structures which are influenced by specific characteristics of it s business and can affect the firms performance. Organizational structures vary among firms according to: Size of organization Strategic importance Budget and time constraints 4.3. Types of organizational structure: Organizational structure defines the way work is divided, managed and synchronized. Organizational structure is formed according to the organizations size and strategy. Functional structures, Divisional structures and Matrix structures are the traditional structures. Team structures and Network structures are new directions in organizational structures. The following are the important types of organizational structures. 4.3.1. Functional organizational structure: In a functional structure employees are grouped by managers according to their activities and profession or function for example like production, finance or marketing. Functional structure is not only used in business but also in banks and hospitals. Functional structure is effective in small organizations with less problems and limited demand for change and innovation. 4.3.2. Divisional organizational structure: A divisional structure groups together people working on the same product, in the same area, with similar customers. It is suits more in complex organizations with diverse operations with many products, territories, customers, and work processes. 4.3.3. Matrix organizational structure: The matrix structure combines functional and divisional structures. It is more precise to use matrix structure in permanent cross-functional teams to support specific products and projects or programs. It is more useful in manufacturing, service industries, professional fields and nonprofit sectors. 4.3.4. Network organizational Structure Network structure is a modern structure which includes the linking of numerous, separate organization structure to optimize their interaction in order to accomplish a common, overall goal, because it consists of multiple organizations that works together to produce products and services. 4.4. Comparison of organizational Structures: In each type organizational structure there are variations. Each one is unique in its own way. The adaptability of a particular structure depends on the necessity of the organization. Functional organization structure : They work best in a stable environment like small organizations with less problems and change. Advantages of functional structure: Economies of scale. Task assignments with proper training and guidance. High-quality technical problem solving. Good skill development within functions. Clear career paths within functions. Disadvantages of functional structure: Difficulties in indicating tasks for things like cost control, product or service quality, timeliness, and innovation. Lack of communication, coordination and problem solving across functions. Divisional Organization structure: They work best in a complex organization with many products, territories, customers, and work processes. Advantages of divisional structure: More flexibility in responding to situational changes. Improved coordination across functional departments. Good responsibility for product or service delivery. Focused on specific customers, products and regions. Disadvantages of divisional structure: Reduces economies of scale. Increases costs through the duplication of resources and efforts across divisions. Creates unhealthy rivalries as divisions compete for resources and top management attention. Matrix organizational structure: The main influence of matrix structures to organizational performance lies with the cross- functional teams whose members work together to share knowledge and information in a timely manner to solve problems. Advantages of matrix structure: Good collaboration across functions. Problem solving takes place at team level which will improve decision making. Improved customer service because there is always respective manager informed and available to answer questions. Better strategic management, since top managers are free from un-necessary problem solving to focus on strategic issues. Disadvantages of matrix structure: The two-boss system is subject to power struggle. It creates task confusion and conflict in work priorities. Strong team loyalties will cause a loss of focus on larger organizational goals. Network organizational structure: A network organizational structure is seen as a more complicated and complex structure than any other structure. A network structure uses IT to link with networks of outside suppliers and service contractors. Advantages of network structure: Quality and cost are the best advantages of network structure. The creative use of information technology. Disadvantages of network structure: More demand for new management responsibilities. Network of contracts and alliances are more complicated to maintain. 4.5. Importance of organizational structure in merger process: Effective organizational structure makes responsibility delegation easier and makes it easy to see the organizational change throughout the organizations. It is important to realize the advantage of organizational structure to benefit from a strong framework. Organizational Chart: is a tool that represents employees work responsibilities and reporting relationships. With its reporting structure it shows the structure and hierarchy of employees of their division of work and level of responsibilities in the organization. Distribution of Authority: Organizational structure shows the authority and responsibility distribution throughout an organization. Employees will get awareness of their superiors and subordinates. Communication: Organizational structure makes communication easy between employees in their duties and this enhances information sharing and problem solving. Chain of command: the structure helps employee to know who is engaged in the decision making process. Proper Balancing: Structure helps specific task and activities to be assigned in functional departments which provide a good coordination between departments. Lorachester,2010 4.6. Impact of organizational structure on merge: In the case of merger, two organizations are required to integrate their organizational structure appropriately. Inappropriate organizational structure can cause failure in integration between firms and reduce benefit of merger. Unclear reporting structure has a great tendency to cause merger failure. Reconstructing organizational structure may take some time after a merger and it may cause uncertainty and anxiety amongst employees. Therefore it is important to declare the new organizational structure with clear roles and reporting relationship of employees (SS Brahma). Good organizational structure facilitates communication between individuals or groups within the two organizations. Incompatible structure becomes obstacle for successful communication and achieving the corporation goal become impossible. 4.7. Factors that influence organizational structure: The organizational structure can be influenced by different factors, such as the size of an organization, the environment, technology, efficiency of organizational design, etc. The structure of an organization should be developed in such a way that endorses the strategy and plan of management. It is very significant for managers to be aware of the factors which may have an influence on the structure of an organization. Environment Strategy People Technology Size Figure: A framework for organizational design- aligning structure with situational contingences Environment Stable Environment- Composed of certain and predictable environment. Desires of customers are well known and may remain constant. Few changes take place in such kind of environment and organizations can perform well without frequent change. Bureaucratic organization and mechanistic design fits in such environment. Dynamic Environment- composed of uncertain environment with less predictable elements. The desires of customer are frequently changing. Organizations must be flexible. For such environment, adaptive organizations and organic design is adequate. Strategy Organizational structure should be designed in such a way to fit its strategies. Different strategies need different structure. Organizations may need to change their strategies or mission for better performance and this leads to a change in organizational structure. Stability oriented strategy only few changes occur in the external environment, Bureaucratic organizations and mechanistic design is adequate for such certain strategy. Growth oriented Strategy Strategies is likely to change frequently. Circumstances are complex and uncertain. The operation objectives focus on flexibility of frequent change and innovation. Plans changes regularly and there is a need for improvement. Technology Technology is the way task is done using knowledge, skill, equipment, techniques and human know-how. Advance in technology cause frequent change in an organization. A suitable technology results in high productivity and lower cost for the firm. Technology is a major influence on organizational structure. The right combination of structure and technology are critical to organizational success (Joan Woodward 1960s). Organizational size As the size of an organization become larger and older, the structure becomes more complicated. It is very difficult to manage large organizations without a formal organizational structure, whereas in very small organizations structure can be very simple. Employees can carry out their task based on their needs, skill and/or interest. Tasks can be performed without having a formal work assignment and delegation of authority. In large organizations, the structure is more liked mechanistic. Tasks are highly specialized and more level of management. Work procedure is dictated by rules and strategies. Communication flow is from superior to subordinate. 5. Organizational culture: Organizational culture consists of the behavior, actions, and values that people in an enterprise are expected to follow.(Pettigrew, 1979) Organizational culture is a set of values, often taken for granted, that help people in an organization understand which actions are considered acceptable and which are considered unacceptable.(Moorhead Griffin, 1992) 5.1. Key dimensions of an organizational Culture: Measuring key dimensions of an organizational culture provides a composite picture of the organizations culture. This will become the base for the feelings of shared understanding of the members about the organization, how things are done, and the way the members are supposed to behave. The following are the 10 key dimensions of an organizational culture. 1. Member identity: The interpersonal relationship of the employees with the organization to feel a vital part of it. It depends on loyalty of employees to the organization. 2. Team emphasis: Organized group work rather than individual work. 3. Management focus: Identifying the effective outcomes of people within the organization and taking them into account to make important decisions. 4. Unit integration: cooperation and coordination among the units. 5. Control: The extent to which rules and policies used on employees to control their behavior. 6. Risk tolerance: The level up to which the employees are encourag ed to be innovative and risk seeking. 7. Reward criteria: A precise system which rewards promotion and salary increase according to employee performance rather than seniority, favoritism or other nonperformance factors. 8. Conflict tolerance: The degree to which the employees are encouraged to talk about the conflicts openly. 9. Means versus end orientation: The extent to which the management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve those results. 10. Open-system focus: Monitoring the changes in external environment. 5.2. Identifying cultural characteristics: Denison Organizational Culture Model, indicates the external adaptation, internal integration, flexibility, stability as cultural characteristics of the enterprise which influences the prospective of organization. These four ideal characteristics would be reflected by four features (1) involvement, (2) consistency, (3) adaptability and (4) mission. Involvement: referred to the capacity of workers, ownership and responsibility. In the culture characteristic reflects the companys training for staff, the communication between workers, the participation of staff and the responsibility of workers. Consistency : to measure whether the company has strong and cohesive internal culture. Whether company has a set of fundamental value, so that employees have immense identity and have clear expectation of future. Adaptability : mainly refer to capability of adapting the change from external environment or whether they have ability to aware the sign of market and response quickly. M ission : is used to determine the company is focusing on immediate interest or has long-term strategy and accurate tactics to approach even bigger goal. 5.3. The stages of cultural formation: As people become more civilized they develop and share some common beliefs and values according to their geographical location which will guide their behaviour.The positive outcome of the beliefs and values makes them strong and will influence on how people should work and relate to each other. The following figure will explain about the stages of cultural formation. Shared values Reinforcing Shared beliefs Outcomes Norms Individual and Group behaviour 5.4. Types of culture: Charles Handy (1993) generalized 4 culture types. Power culture: is one in which peoples activities are strongly influenced by dominant central figure. Role culture: is one in which peoples activities are strongly influenced by clear and detailed job descriptions and other formal signals as to what is expected of them. Task culture: is one in which the focus of activity is toward completing a task or project using whatever means are appropriate. Person culture: is one in which activity is strongly influenced by the wishes of the individuals who are part of the organization. 5.5. Multiple cultures: A key concern in the culture of any organization is diversity. The term multiculturalism refers to pluralism and respect for diversity in the workplace. They value the talents, ideas, and creative potential of all members. Good characteristics of multicultural organizations are, 1) Pluralism: Members of both alternative cultures and majority cultures are important in setting key values and policies. The talents, ideas and creative thinking from different cultures are important for an organization to achieve its goals. 2) Structural integration: Members from multiple cultures are given equal opportunity in all levels and in all functional responsibilities. The integration of all levels of employees, management and all functional unites are important for a successful coordinated progress. 3) Absence of prejudice and discrimination: A proper guidance and task force actions deal with the need to eliminate culture-group conflicts. Prejudice and discrimination will cause differe nce among work force which will affect the work. So it is important to eliminate the prejudice and discrimination. 5.6. Culture and performance: We can review the effect of organizational culture on employee behaviour and performance with some key ideas. The culture of an organization allows employee to understand both the history of the firm and present methods of operation. This knowledge provides guidance about expected future behaviours. The commitment of Organizational culture to corporate philosophy and values. This commitment generates shared feelings of working towards common goals. The organizational culture, through its norms, serves as control mechanism to channel behaviours towards desired behaviours and away from undesired behaviours. Finally, certain types of organizational cultures may be related directly to greater effectiveness and productivity than others. 5.7. Importance of culture in merger process: The market world today is facing increase competition, in such situation organisations will like merge to have popular strategic tools entering new markets and acquiring new technologies. On the other hand, 80% of mergers do not reach their financial goals and 50% of the mergers fail. (Nahavandi and Malekzadeh 1993) Its true that most mergers fail because of financial reasons or economic crisis, and management as well, but we must critically look at the importance of culture in the merger process. When two companies merged with different cultures, it will have greater consequences on the organisation. An example for this is merger between US air and America West. The two airlines had extremely different organisation cultures. US Airways had an older workforce with highly structured bureaucracy, whereas America West had much younger workforce with entrepreneurial culture. For a successful merger they must adopt to a common culture that will suit the company. Cultural differences: When employees do not agree with the cultural adaptation it will create problem for the organisation. This will affect their performance in the organisation. Culture play an important role in the way employees will react when they face new business environment, in some situation where merger take place. Its difficult for some to work with new members within a team. To overcome this problem the organizations need to prepare employees to adapt to the new culture. 5.8. Impact of organization culture on merge: Organization culture is one of the most important factors of success or failure of a company in merger process. Culture will have an enormous impact on the way a company operates today. The culture does not become established until shared understanding achieves dominance in the collective thinking of the members of the organization. The following points below illustrate some important interrelationships that deeply affect the organization culture in merger process. Purpose and Goals: The purpose and goals of the organization initially trigger the kind of culture that founders want to follow their successors to see their vision. The extent to which they achieve this culture depends as much on the others factors as on their own leadership Organization policies: The different rules and policies followed by the organizations will create problem after merge. Organization structure: The difference in organizational structures also causes serious problem in the merger process. Employee skills and attitudes: The different skill sets and attitudes of employees from both the merging organizations also cause some disturbance in merger process. Use of technology: The development of technology and the way its implemented will create an impact on the organization culture. 5.9. Factors that influence organizational culture: The following are the some of the important factors that influence organizational culture in a broad way. Change in management For an organization, change management means defining and implementing actions and technologies to deal with changes in the business environment and to profit from changing opportunities. Change management is one of the main factors that influence organization culture. Change might come in various forms within an organization, such as technological change, change in management staff as well as change in leadership. Employee Employees are part of an organization, they will be unhappy if things are not going well in the organization. In today competitive world, its important for organization to do all they can to keep their employee happy and motivated. Organizational culture plays a vital role amongst employees. An organization that has a good culture ensures that its employees are satisfied with the facilities it provides them. This means that taking adequate care of employees ensures organizational effectiveness. This culture also enables employees to work in a comfortable environment that is reflected in the overall efficiency of their work performance. Geographical location Geographical locations influence organization culture, in sense that when companies are located in a particular region, they mostly adopt to the culture of that area to succeed. Geographical location might vary in turns of language; language is a factor that greatly affects cultural stability. When people from the same geographical location speak the same language, culture spreads easily. Since countries see language as an integrate part of their cultures. Religion is a strong shaper of value; different geographical location has different religions, at such this affects organization culture in that particular region. 6. Case study (US Air and America West Merger Case) 6.1 Brief summary of the case 6.2. What are the influences of organizational structure and culture in merger Process 6.3. Recommendations for the successful merger of organizational structure and culture in US Air and America west merger case. 7. Findings and Conclusions 8. Recommendations Graphs and tables